2023年雅思阅读学习| 因果考点

　　识别因果考点：

　　因为:as a result of, as a consequence of, because (of),for, as, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, in that, on account of, attribute to, put down to, be down to

　　所以:as a result, as a consequence,consequently, therefore, hence,

　　导致: result in,lead to, trigger cause, give rise to, prompt, generate, breed, contribute to, bring about, induce, be responsible for, pose

　　解释:explain,illustrate

　　因果考点在填空题的运用：

　　剑6test2passage2

　　Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problems is 14 ....................... and that the speed of this change is 15...................... It also seems that these diseases are affecting people 16 ...................... in life than(这是比较级) they did in the past. This is largely due to (因果关系，果是前面那句话)developments in 17 ....................... , but other factors such as improved 18 ...................... may also be playing a part. Increases in some other illnesses may be due tochanges in personal habits and to 19 ........................

　　A cost B falling C technology D undernourished E earlier F later

　　G disabled H more I increasing J nutrition K education L constant

　　M medicine N pollution O environmental P health Q independent

　　16和17题是因果关系，我们不用看原文也能做对。

　　16题因为than,我们知道这里有比较，从选项里E earlier F later H more找答案，到底选哪个，我们可以根据17题里的元素判断，17题从这句里的developments， improved 能判断这是好事。最终判断是F later

　　因果考点在选择题中的运用：

　　剑10test1passage3

　　28 James Watson suggests that he and Francis Crick won the race to discover the DNA code because they

　　A were conscious of their own limitations

　　B brought complementary skills to their partnership

　　C were determined to outperform their brighter rivals.

　　D encouraged each other to realise their joint ambition

　　分析题目：结果是won the race to discover the DNA code，题目考because因果，等下找原文中的因果。正确答案是A

　　Cialdini believes that this 'follow-the leader syndrome' is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone.'It's been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field.' To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson.Watson,together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms.'When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they weren't the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said,“was so intelligent she rarely sought advice”

　　题目就是because问因果，He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they weren't the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. 这里话里面就有原因，这句话后面都不用看了，不是because的范围了。

　　因果关系在判断题的运用：

　　例子1：剑11test4 passage1

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

　　There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins 同卵双胞胎looks.

　　对应原文

　　To biomedical researchers all over the world,twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment- of nature and nurture Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them - one twin having younger looking skin, for example -must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun.

　　这里有cause，因果关系，题干是说因为基因的原因，identical twins 的skin看起来young的程度不一样。而原文说是environmental factors

　　注意题干说A导致B， 文中说C导致B， 这种情况下选False, 因为考官的逻辑是唯一存在的因果关系。

　　例子2：剑8Test1Passage2

　　The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.

　　对应原文：

　　An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United states, which were becoming quite digested.

　　分析：

　　题干的as a result of 说明这里存在因果关系，题干的因是the introduction of the jet engine，果是The FAA was created。原文中果是the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration ，但因是An accident that occurred in the skies 这道题我们只能判定为FALSE

　　例子3： 剑10test2passage1

　　The tax on malt indirectly caused a rise in the death rate.

　　对应原文：

　　This population burst seemed to happen at just the right time to provide labour for the Industrial Revolution. 'When you start moving towards an industrial revolution, it is economically efficient to have people living close together' says Macfarlane. 'But then you get disease, particularly from human waste.' Some digging around in historical records revealed that there was a change in the incidence of water-borne disease at that time especially dysentery. Macfarlane deduced that whatever the British were drinking must have been important in regulating disease. He says, We drank beer. For a long time, the English were protected by the strong antibacterial agent in hops, which were added to help preserve the beer. But in the late 17th century a tax was introduced on malt, the basic ingredient of beer. The poor turned to water and gin and in the 1720s the mortality rate began to rise again. Then it suddenly dropped again. What caused this?

　　题目分析：

　　注意这里有个indirectly cause , 说明A导致B ,B导致C， 题干说The tax on malt间接导致a rise in the death rate。原文说a tax was introduced on malt导致The poor turned to water and gin，然后导致the mortality rate began to rise again，符合题目说间接导致

　　答案是True

　　例子4 :剑12 test8 passage2

　　25.Changes in agricultural practices have extended the habitat of the lynx in Europe.注意这道题是隐性的因果关系，没有明说连接词

　　对应原文：

　　The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains,the Alps, the Vosges in eastern France and the Harz mountains in Germany,and has re-established itself in many more places. The European population has tripled since 1970 to roughly 10,000. As with wolves, bears,beavers,boar,bison,moose and many other species,the lynx has been able to spread as farming has left the hills and people discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it as tourists will pay for the chance to see it. Larqe-scale rewilding is happening almost everywhere -except Britain.

　　分析：The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains,the Alps,the Vosges in eastern France and the Harz mountains in Germany,and has re-established itself in many more places对应题干 have extended the habitat of the lynx in Europe, 而且原文说the lynx has been able to spread也能对应，原文中的farming has left the hills 对应Changes in agricultural practices，原文中as 表达因果关系。这道题是Yes

　　因果关系在heading中的运用：

　　例子：剑8test1passage2

　　List of Headings

　　i Disobeying FAA regulations

　　ii Aviation disaster prompts action

　　iii Two coincidental developments

　　iv Setting altitude zones

　　v An oversimplified view

　　vi Controlling pilots' licences

　　vii Defining airspace categories

　　viii Setting rules to weather conditions

　　ix Taking off safely

　　x First steps towards ATC

　　An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States,and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.

　　答案是ii Aviation disaster prompts action，这里有个因果关系prompt, 原文中有result in这个因果关系

　　伪装成因果的题：

　　例子：C11-Test3-Passage 1 The story of silk

　　20th century：9_______ and other manmade fibres cause decline in silk production.

　　题干说：and other manmade fibres注意这里的other，说明这里是让你答某一种人造纤维。Then in the twentieth century, new manmade fibres, such as nylon, 这里的nylon就是答案。有同学误以为是和人造纤维并列，结果说了two world wars, 这个不属于人造纤维哦。

　　原文：

　　The nineteenth century and industrialisation saw the downfall of the European silk industry. Cheaper Japanese silk, trade in which was greatly facilitated by the opening of the Suez Canal, was one of the many factors driving the trend. Then in the twentieth century, new manmade fibres, such as nylon, started to be used in what had traditionally been silk products, such as stockings and parachutes. The two world wars,which interrupted the supply of raw material from Japan, also stifled the European silk industry.