托福独立写作开头，论述和结尾应该怎么写？

托福独立写作开头段要写的简洁漂亮，文章论述段要能够有效地展开论述，结尾要点明主题。接下来，来看看新航道小编为大家带来的托福独立写作技巧。托福写作备考技巧：4句干货助你拿高分！

一、托福独立写作技巧之文章开头
托福独立写作的开头无外乎介绍背景，引出话题，表明观点和限定下文发展四个方面。背景介绍一定要把握住关键词，不能跑题。很多学员死记硬背了一些开头句式，遇到什么题目都往里面套，结果当然很牵强。很多独立写作的题目完全可以逆向思维，题目说什么往往现实生活缺什么，可以从相反的方向入手去写。
 

如：
In order to improve teaching quality, colleges and universities should increase professors’ salary. Do you agree or disagree?
这个题目完全可以围绕教学质量展开，再谈到提升教学质量的方法，引入题目观点，后表明自己立场。从反面入手可以谈教学质量下滑令人担忧，人们为提升教学质量在想各种办法，有人建议增加教授们的工资作为激励手段，考生此时应表明自己的立场及理由。按这样的思路，第一段可以轻松达到50词以上。正如官方指南所讲“不要仅仅为了增加文章字数而死记硬背一些冗长的首末段。”

Nowadays, the decline of teaching quality has worried the public a lot. Some people suggest that the government should increase salary for professors in college and universities as incentives to improve teaching quality. From my perspective, this is an effective way to make the teaching staff willing to devote to their teaching. I feel this way for two major reasons.
这样的开头既能很好地交代背景、引出话题又利于下文的展开。

二、托福独立写作技巧之展开论述
根据OG,评分人员评估考生作文的质量，即评估考生如何展开论点，组织文章结构。所以考生要学会用包括事例、细节、理由等在内的各种方式来支持文章的观点。我的主体段落通常采用总-分-总的思路去写。主体段落第一句必须是观点清楚的主题句，这个段落必须围绕主题句的controlling idea来展开，否则就会出现不切题的可能。论点的展开我通常会用到的写作手法有原因分析法，后果延伸法，反面假设法或正反对比法以及举例论证法，最后以归纳总结作为整个段落的结束。运用这些方法写出的文章自然逻辑性强，组织严密，能很好地为主题服务。
 

以赞同在公共场合禁烟为例，我的主体段落展开如下：
Firstly, smoking is detrimental to the health of smokers and people around them. It is because tobacco contains many harmful even poisonous substances such as tar and nicotine, which can give rise to many respiratory diseases, say lung cancer. If smoking is prohibited in public places, people do not need to worry about these terrible diseases. A typical example of this is mu uncle, mu mother’s younger brother, who used to smoke many cigarettes a day, and later he was found to be sick with lung cancer. He had to accept an operation to cut off part of his lung. What’ more, he had to suffer from the subsequent chemical treatment. Thus, for the health of smokers and people around, smoking must be banned in public places.
 

上面这段文章运用这些手法比较容易地写出127个词，所以考生在写主体段落时一定要有清楚的思路，紧扣中心思想，运用上述写作方法就能较好地把握段落的统一性、渐进性和连贯性，使文章结构严谨，条理清晰。

三、托福独立写作技巧之总结全文
很多考生在前文纠结时间太好，以至于最后没有时间去结尾。没有结尾的文章结构是不完整的。结尾可以从单个方面入手：concluding phrase, restatement of your standpoint and summary of your ideas.

从这三个方面入手，考生的构思好文章开头后就可以很快地敲定文章的结尾。